Large mining and quarrying operations are planned in detail from the first stage of work, through operation and where practicable concurrent rehabilitation. Eventual closure and final rehabilitation are usually 30 or more years after establishment so options for final end use are generally left open and flexible..

During the development stage topsoil and overburden are stockpiled for later use. Trees are planted in some areas to form a visual screen. Noise bunds or embankments may also be constructed.

The site is progressively rehabilitated. Often the pit is backfilled. Any disposal areas are replanted.

When mining has finished rehabilitation continues. Backfilling of the pit continues. Areas are contoured so as to blend in with the surrounding environment. Benches are planted. An area of the pit may be developed into a reserve or park. Residential development adjacent to the area is developed.

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[industrial minerals]
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[GNS]
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[rehabilitation]

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